阅读以太坊EVM的一些笔记 ​

type operation struct {
	// op is the operation function
	execute executionFunc
	// gasCost is the gas function and returns the gas required for execution
	gasCost gasFunc
	// validateStack validates the stack (size) for the operation
	validateStack stackValidationFunc
	// memorySize returns the memory size required for the operation
	memorySize memorySizeFunc

	halts   bool // indicates whether the operation should halt further execution
	jumps   bool // indicates whether the program counter should not increment
	writes  bool // determines whether this a state modifying operation
	valid   bool // indication whether the retrieved operation is valid and known
	reverts bool // determines whether the operation reverts state (implicitly halts)
	returns bool // determines whether the operations sets the return data content
	//目前可以返回数据的指令有opCreate,opCall,opDelegateCall,opStaticCall,opCallCode
	//另外一个就是opRevert,这个应该是为了方便调试,revert("debug info")/ 知道在哪里出问题了.
}

// NewFrontierInstructionSet returns the frontier instructions
// that can be executed during the frontier phase.
func NewFrontierInstructionSet() [256]operation {
	return [256]operation{
        STOP: {
			execute:       opStop,
			gasCost:       constGasFunc(0),
			validateStack: makeStackFunc(0, 0),
			halts:         true,
			valid:         true,
		},
		ADD: {
			execute:       opAdd,
			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
			valid:         true,
        },
    }
        ...
}

var (
	frontierInstructionSet  = NewFrontierInstructionSet()
	homesteadInstructionSet = NewHomesteadInstructionSet()
	byzantiumInstructionSet = NewByzantiumInstructionSet()
)

/*
caller:合约中的msg.sender
如果是外部合约调用,则是TX中的From,否则则是调用其他合约的合约地址
addr: 被调用合约的地址
 */
func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) 
/*
2. CallCode主要是服务于library,假设如下调用
账户A调用ContractA的FA,然后FA调用Library B的FB,这时候在FB中看到的msg.sender是ContractA,value是由调用FB的时候指定的.
 */
func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) 
/*
3. DelegateCall 是CallCode的升级,也是服务于Library,假设调用如下:
账户A调用ContractA的FA,然后FA调用Library B的FB,这时候在FB中看到的msg.sender是A,value是由A调用FA的时候指定的
 */
func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) 
/*
4. StaticCall 用于查询合约.保证该调用执行过程中合约状态不被修改.
用户直接发起的查询或者在合约调用中(比如刚刚的FA),读取查询合约的状态.
目前solidity并没有生成该指令,就算是对于只读的合约访问,也是生成call指令而不是staticcall
在拜占庭分叉以后才会支持staticcall指令.
 */
func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) 

// PrecompiledContract is the basic interface for native Go contracts. The implementation
// requires a deterministic gas count based on the input size of the Run method of the
// contract.
type PrecompiledContract interface {
	RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64  // RequiredPrice calculates the contract gas use
	Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) // Run runs the precompiled contract
}
//这些是平时说的内置合约,他们不以指令的形式出现,但是通过内置合约进行
// PrecompiledContractsHomestead contains the default set of pre-compiled Ethereum
// contracts used in the Frontier and Homestead releases.
var PrecompiledContractsHomestead = map[common.Address]PrecompiledContract{
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
}
// PrecompiledContractsByzantium contains the default set of pre-compiled Ethereum
// contracts used in the Byzantium release.
var PrecompiledContractsByzantium = map[common.Address]PrecompiledContract{
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256Add{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMul{},
	common.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256Pairing{},
}

const poolLimit = 256

// intPool is a pool of big integers that
// can be reused for all big.Int operations.
type intPool struct {
	pool *Stack
}

func newIntPool() *intPool {
	return &intPool{pool: newstack()}
}

func (p *intPool) get() *big.Int {
	if p.pool.len() > 0 {
		return p.pool.pop()
	}
	return new(big.Int)
}
func (p *intPool) put(is ...*big.Int) {
	if len(p.pool.data) > poolLimit {
		return
	}

	for _, i := range is {
		// verifyPool is a build flag. Pool verification makes sure the integrity
		// of the integer pool by comparing values to a default value.
		if verifyPool {
			i.Set(checkVal)
		}

		p.pool.push(i)
	}
}

// stack is an object for basic stack operations. Items popped to the stack are
// expected to be changed and modified. stack does not take care of adding newly
// initialised objects.
type Stack struct {
	data []*big.Int
}
push,pop之类的指令.

/*
caller:合约中的msg.sender
如果是外部合约调用,则是TX中的From,否则则是调用其他合约的合约地址
addr: 被调用合约的地址
 */
// Call executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as
// parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes
// the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an
// execution error or failed value transfer.
func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
		return nil, gas, nil
	}

	// Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit
	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
	}
	// Fail if we're trying to transfer more than the available balance
	if !evm.Context.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
		if !(params.IsSIP004Block(evm.BlockNumber) && params.IsChiefAddress(addr)) {
			return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
		}
	}

	var (
		to       = AccountRef(addr)
		snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot()
	)
	if !evm.StateDB.Exist(addr) {
		precompiles := PrecompiledContractsHomestead
		if evm.ChainConfig().IsByzantium(evm.BlockNumber) {
			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsByzantium
		}
		if precompiles[addr] == nil && evm.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(evm.BlockNumber) && value.Sign() == 0 {
			return nil, gas, nil
		}
		evm.StateDB.CreateAccount(addr)
	}
	evm.Transfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), to.Address(), value)

	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
	contract := NewContract(caller, to, value, gas)
	//TODO cache chief [address -> code]
	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))

	start := time.Now()

	// Capture the tracer start/end events in debug mode
	if evm.vmConfig.Debug && evm.depth == 0 {
		evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureStart(caller.Address(), addr, false, input, gas, value)

		defer func() { // Lazy evaluation of the parameters
			evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, gas-contract.Gas, time.Since(start), err)
		}()
	}
	ret, err = run(evm, contract, input)

	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
	// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally
	// when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
	if err != nil {
		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
		if err != errExecutionReverted {
			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
		}
	}
	return ret, contract.Gas, err
}

// Interpreter is used to run Ethereum based contracts and will utilise the
// passed evmironment to query external sources for state information.
// The Interpreter will run the byte code VM or JIT VM based on the passed
// configuration.
type Interpreter struct {
	evm      *EVM
	cfg      Config
	gasTable params.GasTable
	intPool  *intPool

	readOnly   bool   // Whether to throw on stateful modifications
	returnData []byte // Last CALL's return data for subsequent reuse
}

//这里是虚拟机执行的核心,
//取指令
//validateStack
//enforceRestrictions
//memorySize
//execute  执行指令

// Run loops and evaluates the contract's code with the given input data and returns
// the return byte-slice and an error if one occurred.
//
// It's important to note that any errors returned by the interpreter should be
// considered a revert-and-consume-all-gas operation except for
// errExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left.
func (in *Interpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte) (ret []byte, err error) {
	// Increment the call depth which is restricted to 1024
	in.evm.depth++
	defer func() { in.evm.depth-- }()

	// Reset the previous call's return data. It's unimportant to preserve the old buffer
	// as every returning call will return new data anyway.
	in.returnData = nil

	// Don't bother with the execution if there's no code.
	if len(contract.Code) == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}

	codehash := contract.CodeHash // codehash is used when doing jump dest caching
	if codehash == (common.Hash{}) {
		codehash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(contract.Code)
	}

	var (
		op    OpCode        // current opcode
		mem   = NewMemory() // bound memory
		stack = newstack()  // local stack
		// For optimisation reason we're using uint64 as the program counter.
		// It's theoretically possible to go above 2^64. The YP defines the PC
		// to be uint256. Practically much less so feasible.
		pc   = uint64(0) // program counter
		cost uint64
		// copies used by tracer
		pcCopy  uint64 // needed for the deferred Tracer
		gasCopy uint64 // for Tracer to log gas remaining before execution
		logged  bool   // deferred Tracer should ignore already logged steps
	)
	contract.Input = input

	if in.cfg.Debug {
		defer func() {
			if err != nil {
				if !logged {
					in.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(in.evm, pcCopy, op, gasCopy, cost, mem, stack, contract, in.evm.depth, err)
				} else {
					in.cfg.Tracer.CaptureFault(in.evm, pcCopy, op, gasCopy, cost, mem, stack, contract, in.evm.depth, err)
				}
			}
		}()
	}
	// The Interpreter main run loop (contextual). This loop runs until either an
	// explicit STOP, RETURN or SELFDESTRUCT is executed, an error occurred during
	// the execution of one of the operations or until the done flag is set by the
	// parent context.
	for atomic.LoadInt32(&in.evm.abort) == 0 {
		if in.cfg.Debug {
			// Capture pre-execution values for tracing.
			logged, pcCopy, gasCopy = false, pc, contract.Gas
		}

		// Get the operation from the jump table and validate the stack to ensure there are
		// enough stack items available to perform the operation.
		op = contract.GetOp(pc)
		operation := in.cfg.JumpTable[op]
		if !operation.valid {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid opcode 0x%x", int(op))
		}
		if err := operation.validateStack(stack); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		// If the operation is valid, enforce and write restrictions
		if err := in.enforceRestrictions(op, operation, stack); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		var memorySize uint64
		// calculate the new memory size and expand the memory to fit
		// the operation
		if operation.memorySize != nil {
			memSize, overflow := bigUint64(operation.memorySize(stack))
			if overflow {
				return nil, errGasUintOverflow
			}
			// memory is expanded in words of 32 bytes. Gas
			// is also calculated in words.
			if memorySize, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(memSize), 32); overflow {
				return nil, errGasUintOverflow
			}
		}

		if !in.cfg.DisableGasMetering {
			// consume the gas and return an error if not enough gas is available.
			// cost is explicitly set so that the capture state defer method cas get the proper cost
			cost, err = operation.gasCost(in.gasTable, in.evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
			if err != nil || !contract.UseGas(cost) {
				return nil, ErrOutOfGas
			}
		}
		if memorySize > 0 {
			mem.Resize(memorySize)
		}

		if in.cfg.Debug {
			in.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(in.evm, pc, op, gasCopy, cost, mem, stack, contract, in.evm.depth, err)
			logged = true
		}

		// execute the operation
		res, err := operation.execute(&pc, in.evm, contract, mem, stack)
		// verifyPool is a build flag. Pool verification makes sure the integrity
		// of the integer pool by comparing values to a default value.
		if verifyPool {
			verifyIntegerPool(in.intPool)
		}
		// if the operation clears the return data (e.g. it has returning data)
		// set the last return to the result of the operation.
		if operation.returns {
			in.returnData = res
		}

		switch {
		case err != nil:
			return nil, err
		case operation.reverts:
			return res, errExecutionReverted
		case operation.halts:
			return res, nil
		case !operation.jumps:
			pc++
		}
	}
	return nil, nil
}